Functional Programming - Interview with Arfat Salman

If there's one programming style I like a lot, it's functional programming. Although it's not the best fit for all problems, often having means to decompose a problem into smaller parts to be solved separately through composition has proven to be useful.

In this interview with Arfat Salman, you'll learn more about the topic and how uses the technique in his daily work.

Can you tell a bit about yourself?#

I graduated from the University of Delhi in Computer Science. Currently, I am the Director of Education at Pesto. I began as a Web Developer here, and since then I’ve taken more responsibility towards making other engineers better by helping and training them. I have a strong interest in Computer Science in general. Particularly in Artificial Intelligence, Recommendation Systems, Natural Language Processing, Compilers, and Algorithms.

In my spare time, I like to learn human languages. I learned Spanish as my 4th language (apart from Hindi/Urdu/English). Currently, I am trying to learn Japanese. I hope to learn Mandarin someday. I also co-organize and host a Spanish Meetup in Delhi in association with Duolingo.

I love teaching about computers, speaking at conferences, tea and reading lots of books, especially science fiction.

How would you describe Functional Programming to someone who has never heard of it?#

Any language or style exists to give shape and structure to our thoughts. In the case of Functional Programming (FP), it is a particular set of ideas to structure our thought processes while programming. Once you face a specific programming problem, you may solve it using multiple approaches. FP is one of those ways. FP has its own set of constraints and guidelines and FP recommends that (among many other things):

• All variables should be immutable
• Loops should be implicit or use recursion instead of manual C-style for loops
• Functions and their composition should do the heavy lifting in achieving the solution as opposed to object-based inheritance (as in OOP paradigm)

In essence, in FP, while coming up with a solution, we mostly think about what to do as opposed to how to do it. In the broader sense, focusing on function composition is what functional programming is.

Consider the following program squaring a list of numbers:

// Imperative/Procedural  Style
function square(arr) {
  const result = [];

  for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; i++) {
    result.push(arr[i] * arr[i]);
  }

  return result;
}

// functional style
const square = arr => arr.map(el => el * el);

In the procedural style, we mention "how" to achieve the computation via a C-style for loop. We keep track of loop counters, the termination condition, and the increment expression. We also manually populate the result by pushing in the result array. Finally, in the body of the loop, we specify what to do.

In a functional style, we only specified what to do directly in the map function. The responsibility of looping, termination, and populating the result set is delegated to the map function itself.

It can be argued that the procedural style has more "moving" parts that a programmer needs to keep track of while reading the program. For example, i < arr.length, i++, result.push(...). In the functional style, the cognitive load is arguably less, and the developer can only focus on the business logic (of transforming the input to output) at hand and not worry about maintaining the loop, for example.

Consider another example of reversing an array:

// Procedural/imperative Style
const reverse = arr => {
  const reversedArray = [];

  for (let i = arr.length - 1; i > -1; i--) {
    reversedArray.push(arr[i]);
  }

  return reversedArray;
};

// Functional style (using recursion)
const reverse = arr =>
  arr.reduce((reversedArray, current) => [current, ...reversedArray], []);

In the procedural implementation, we had to consciously be aware that the initialization is not from 0 but arr.length, we have i > -1 in termination condition rather than the usual i < arr.length, and i-- rather than usual i++. Whereas in the functional style, we didn't have to think about those things at all. We use established functions such as fold (aka reduce) to do the heavy lifting.

Haskell#

Here's the same program, but even more succinctly written in Haskell:

reverse = foldl (flip (:)) []

FP style is a lot like learning a new spoken language. We need to begin thinking in the other language using its grammatical constraints and cultural contexts. FP style is often symbol-heavy, and some syntax may seem unnatural.

It does take a little bit of time to master it. As our programming vocabulary expands with practice, it'll become easier to understand programs like these even if we don't have any prior experience with the language in question.

SQL#

Most web developers already are intuitively familiar with declarative languages (of which FP is a part) without realizing it. SQL(Structured Query Language) is mostly declarative, though it supports other paradigms too. Here’s an example:

SELECT Orders.OrderID, Customers.CustomerName, Orders.OrderDate
FROM Orders
INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID=Customers.CustomerID;

In this, we only mention what we want the computer to do. Namely, to print OrderID, CustomerName, and OrderDate of all orders after merging tables Orders and Customers based on the CustomerID. We never specify how to merge two tables or how to select individual rows.

CSS#

CSS is also very declarative (though it is not considered a full language). Here’s an example:

p {
  animation-duration: 3s;
  animation-name: slidein;
}

@keyframes slidein {
  from {
    margin-left: 100%;
    width: 300%;
  }

  to {
    margin-left: 0%;
    width: 100%;
  }
}

In this simple example, the slidein animation styles the <p> element so that the text slides in from off the right edge of the browser window. We have only specified the “start” and the “end” state of the animation. The intermediate steps are calculated by the browser, and this is true for almost all CSS properties. We never specify how to achieve the effect of a style, but only what effects to have.

Functional Programming - A Different Way of Thinking#

FP is often contrasted with the imperative style of languages such as C and Java. None of the styles are objectively better than the other. They are just different ways of expressing the same solutions and within relevant real-life constraints (such as efficiency and correctness), one style may trump the other. However, I can assure you that learning FP will be worth all that time.

How do you use Functional Programming in your daily development?#

I use JavaScript in my day-to-day tasks. Given JS’s functional heritage, I often try my best to use pure functions and functional composition to achieve a given task. I begin by making all variables const by default. Then I apply a set of transformations and transform the input values to the desired output.

I substitute most loops with Array.prototype.map and/or Array.prototype.filter. I try to incorporate libraries like Ramda as well. I do resort to imperative style once in a while. However, I am conscious of that fact, and I mark that piece of code so that I can come back to it later after some research and see whether I can refactor the code. I am often able to refactor such programs for the better.

At Pesto, we use ReasonML for the frontend and most of our product is written in it.

How does Functional Programming differ from other solutions?#

FP has some strict rules that are based in mathematics. It's a marked departure from the “replace the content of a location with updated values” style of solutions. Rich Hickey (creator of Clojure) called it PLOP for PLace Oriented Programming in his talk “The Values of Values”.

Given the strictness of its rules such as pure functions, no side effects, no mutability, and statelessness, the compiler can optimize our programs and make it more efficient. In some cases, the compiler can also check and verify the correctness of our code. For more reasons, see the next answer.

Why to learn Functional Programming?#

Why not to? Even if one believes that FP has no practical use, I recommend learning it. Learning FP will give you a new perspective, and this will help you in expressing solutions in your current language better, whatever that language may be.

If you know only one style of programming(or just one language), then you can fall victim to the "law of instrument" cognitive bias. It says that "if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail". And for that matter, do not stop at FP. Go ahead and learn other styles too.

Alan Perlis once said:

A language that doesn't affect the way you think about programming, is not worth knowing.

And Peter Norvig (Director of Research at Google and author of the book Artifical Intelligence) says to learn “at least a half dozen programming languages”, preferably of all styles. I wholeheartedly agree with Mr. Norvig and Mr. Perlis.

In any case, here are the concrete benefits of writing programs in a functional style.

Better Error Handling#

We often have to deal with null in our programs. It is often done via option types. The following Rust code takes a guess numeric string and parses it to actual integers:

let guess: u32 = match guess.trim().parse()

What happens when we get a string such as "12a"? Most languages will either return null (or equivalent) or throw an exception. We can check for the nullness in an if condition or wrap the line in a try-catch. However, we can forget to do that. Also, the compiler is not enforcing that check. In Rust, here's how we do it:

let guess: u32 = match guess.trim().parse() {
    Ok(num) => num,
    Err(_) => println!("String is not a number.");,
};

In most functional languages, null does not exist. Its concept is often implemented via something called Option type. In the above Rust code, we add a block that pattern matches on two types Ok and Err for successful values and errors respectively. If parse is not able to turn the string into a number, it will return an Err value that contains more information about the error. Also, if you forget the Err part or even the whole block, the compiler can issue a warning that you have potentially unhandled edge cases.

Unit Testing and Debugging#

Since every value is immutable, and side-effects are prohibited, a function can only take the parameters and return a value based on those parameters. These types of functions are called pure functions.

You can test every function in your program only worrying about its arguments and the return values. It's this property that testers appreciate.

Because of the same reasons, debugging a functional program is easy. We can't modify global variables or alter values in another scope. All values are constants, and we can see how a function is transforming the input to output.

Concurrency#

A functional program is concurrent by default. While writing concurrent programs in an imperative language, we need to use thread locks to ensure that a shared piece of data is not modified by two threads simultaneously. Since immutability is baked into functional languages, nothing can change anything. No more deadlocks or race conditions.

Machine Assisted Proofs and Optimizations#

A pure functional language is based on strict mathematical theories of lambda calculus. The compiler can take a piece of code, and generate a more efficient version or check whether all the edge-cases have been covered or not.

As we saw in the “Better Error Handling” segment above, the compiler was able to catch whether you are handling the error or not. It is even possible to create tools that analyze our code and generate edge cases for unit tests automatically!

What does the future look like for Functional Programming and web development in general? Can you see any particular trends?#

The software of today is becoming increasingly complex. Applications (such as WhatsApp) and games (such as Fortnite and PUBG) today are handling millions of concurrent users, and billions of bytes of data transfer per second.

Increasing Complexity#

Consequently, the programs comprising the software are increasing in complexity too. Also, software is being used in almost everything in the world, from mission-critical systems like rockets and heart pacemakers to general purpose appliances such as refrigerators and microwaves.

On the other hand, hardware is becoming faster and better every day. RAM capacity is increasing, and the number of cores on a processor is expanding. Displays are adding Ks to their resolution year after year.

Challenges of Parallelism#

It is becoming increasingly important to write extraordinarily robust and stable software that can exploit the parallelism of the processors and increased memory capacity efficiently. Programming languages, in general, are moving towards a style where more work is performed during compilation.

For example, Go has made expressing concurrent programs much more manageable than C/C++. Rust now combines functional features in a systems language. Immutability helps programmers not worry about inadvertent changes in one part of the code while modifying another one.

New Environments#

Webpack has allowed developers to use multiple resources without manually managing them. All these utilities allow programmers to think about the business logic at hand rather than the low-level details.

Web and mobile applications are going to get bigger and hopefully better. Concurrency and distributed systems are going to play an important role. Our languages (and hence our thoughts) would always change to take concurrency into account.

In web development, we should see the usage of Progressive Web Applications (PWAs) and better support for native-app-like applications based on Web Assembly. However, these should be taken with a pinch of salt as I can only speak from a limited perspective.

What advice would you give to programmers getting into web development?#

Keep learning! It may look like there’s a vast world out there, and it’s right for computer science and web development. But many people are ready to help you in every aspect. Super nice developers have put their articles, videos, and books, and software online for free.

There is a very supportive open source community that you can engage with and learn. Keep an open mind, be enthusiastic and don’t lose hope. You’ll get it. :)

Any last remarks?#

Thanks for the interview! I am always ready to help students and developers alike. Feel free to reach out to me. I write about JavaScript and web development on medium. You can also drop me a message on Twitter or LinkedIn.

Conclusion#

Thanks for the interview, Arfat! I think you explained nicely why it's worth it to learn functional programming. I agree it's about expanding your vocabulary as a programmer. Often the ideas help you to decompose complex problems into easier to solve portions that might fit existing patterns already.